International Journal of Health and Pharmaceutical (IJHP)

The Role Of Family Functions On The Quality Of Life Of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients In Primary Service Facilities Of PUSKESMAS Medan Johor

Ali Napiah Nasution, Novia Novia, Suhartina Suhartina — Mon, 21 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The global focus on non-communicable diseases (NCDs) has been growing, particularly chronic degenerative diseases such as Diabetes Mellitus (DM), which is now a serious threat to public health worldwide. According to WHO data from 2008, these diseases account for 55% of total deaths in Southeast Asia. In Indonesia, the prevalence of type 2 DM has significantly increased, with over 10 million sufferers aged 20-79 years in 2017, making it a significant health management challenge. To address this, BPJS Health launched the Chronic Disease Management Program (Prolanis) to optimize patients' quality of life while maintaining healthcare cost efficiency. Families play a crucial role in supporting DM patients in managing their disease effectively, socially, and in healthcare. This study aims to analyze the relationship between family functioning and the quality of life of type 2 DM patients at the Medan Johor Public Health Center (Puskesmas). Using a cross-sectional study design, data were collected through the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire to measure quality of life and the Family APGAR questionnaire to assess family functioning. The results showed that most respondents were women, had a high school education, and had been suffering from type 2 DM for less than 10 years. Most family functions were classified as highly functional. Still, no significant relationship was found between APGAR scores and quality of life in the four domains (physical health, psychological, social relationships, and environment).

Analysis Of The Influence Of Human Resource Competency, Price, And Hospital Image On Patient Satisfaction In General, That Impact Patient Loyalty At Karya Husada Hospital

Irza Haicha Pratama, Ali Napiah Nasution, Nathasya Nainggolan — Mon, 21 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

To increase patient satisfaction and loyalty, not only are superior human resource competence and prices appropriate to the health services provided to patients needed, but the hospital image also influences patient satisfaction and loyalty. This research aims to analyze the influence of human resource competence, price, and hospital image on general patient satisfaction, which impacts loyalty at Karya Husada Hospital. The type of research used is analytical, quantitative research. The sample used in this study was 200 patients, and the analysis used was univariate, bivariate, and multivariate. The research results showed that most patients felt satisfied with the human resources, prices, and image of Karya Husada Hospital—as many as 178 (89%), and the majority of patients felt loyal to Karya Husada Hospital, as many as 184 (92%). There is an influence of human resource competency on general patient satisfaction at Karya Husada Hospital, there is an influence of price on general patient satisfaction at Karya Husada Hospital, there is an influence of hospital image on general patient satisfaction at Karya Husada Hospital, there is an influence of human resource competency on general patient loyalty at Karya Husada Hospital, there is an influence of price on the loyalty of general patients at Karya Husada Hospital, there is an influence of hospital image on the loyalty of general patients at Karya Husada Hospital. The variable that most influences patient satisfaction is the price variable (X2). The variable that most influences patient loyalty is the hospital image variable (X3).

Analysis Of Factors Related To The Incidence Of Acute Respiratory Infection In Toddlers In The Area Of Tuntungan Community Health Center, Deli Serdang Regency 2024

Suhartina Suhartina, Santy Deasy Siregar, Sarah Oculi Zaluchu — Mon, 21 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

According to the WHO (World Health Organization), acute respiratory infection (ARI) is an infectious disease of the upper or lower respiratory tract that can cause various types of diseases, from asymptomatic diseases or mild infections to severe and fatal diseases, depending on the causative pathogen, environmental factors, and host factors. Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is caused by more than 300 bacteria, viruses, and rickettsia types. The incidence, distribution, and consequences of acute respiratory infections vary based on several factors, namely environmental conditions, such as air pollution, household density, humidity, cleanliness, season and temperature; availability and effectiveness of medical care; infection prevention and control (IPC) measures to contain the spread, such as vaccines, access to health care facilities, and isolation capacity; individual factors, such as age, smoking, the ability of personal factors to transmit infection, immune status, nutritional status, previous or concurrent infections with other pathogens, and underlying medical conditions; pathogen characteristics, such as mode of transmission, transmissibility, virulence factors and microbial load (WHO, 2020). This study aims to analyze several factors related to the incidence of ARI in toddlers in the Tuntungan Health Center area, Deli Serdang Regency, in 2024. This research method uses a questionnaire containing questions to obtain primary data from respondents. The questionnaire is processed using validity, reliability, normality, and logistic regression tests. This study concludes that environmental factors, such as maternal education history, individual children, nutrition, socioeconomics, and family smoking behavior, have a relationship with the incidence of ARI in toddlers. In contrast, the results for immunization factors show no relationship with the incidence of ARI in toddlers.

Analysis Of Nursing Service Quality Strategy Indicators On The Perception Of Satisfaction Of Inpatients At Royal Prima Medan Hospital

Tri Suci, Maya Sari Mutia, Cindy Stefanie Sinaga — Mon, 21 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In conditions of tight competition, the main thing that hospitals need to prioritize is a strategy to improve the quality of service to their patients. The quality of nursing services indicates the quality of health services. Nurses determine the image of health service institutions in society. This research aims to analyze indicators of nursing service quality strategies on the perception of satisfaction of inpatients at RSU Royal Prima Medan. This type of research is quantitative descriptive. The population in this study was inpatients at RSU Royal Prima from January 2024 to February 2024, totaling 300 patients. The sampling technique in this research used an accidental sampling technique with a sample size of 300 patients. Data analysis used SEM and SPSS, including univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. The research results showed that the majority of respondents in this study were 31-40 years old, 137 (45.7%); the majority were female, 215 (71.7%); and had a PT (higher education) education, 157 (52.3%). There is an influence of the reliability service quality strategy indicator on the perception of satisfaction of inpatients at RSU Royal Prima Medan, there is an influence of the responsiveness service quality strategy indicator on the perception of satisfaction of inpatients at RSU Royal Prima Medan, there is an influence of the assurance service quality strategy indicator on the perception of satisfaction of inpatients inpatients at RSU Royal Prima Medan, there is an influence of the empathy service quality strategy indicator on the perception of satisfaction of inpatients at RSU Royal Prima Medan, there is an influence of the tangible service quality strategy indicator on the perception of satisfaction of inpatients at RSU Royal Prima Medan, Service quality strategy indicator variable The most influential influence on the perception of satisfaction of inpatients at RSU Royal Prima Medan is the reliability service quality strategy indicator variable.

Partial Sternotomy Due To Intrathoracic Foreign Body Suspected Implant Migration: A Case Report

Mon, 19 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Intrathoracic foreign bodies pose notable surgical challenges, particularly with concerns of implant migration. This case report details a 55-year-old male admitted to the ICU, exhibiting symptoms of coughing and hematemesis following partial sternotomy due to presumed implant migration. Comprehensive clinical assessment revealed stable vital signs and leukocytosis, but no signs of infection. The management strategy included a multidisciplinary approach encompassing infection control, wound care, and pharmacologic support. Partial sternotomy was performed, allowing for effective retrieval with minimized postoperative complications. Postoperative care emphasized respiratory support and regular monitoring of laboratory parameters to detect potential complications. The case underscores the importance of integrating traditional and innovative surgical techniques while prioritizing patient safety and health outcomes. Close monitoring and a tailored care plan were essential in managing the escalating symptoms and potential complications arising from the intrathoracic foreign body.

Economy Risk Classification And Legal Principles In Insurance Coverage For Modern Insurance Practice In Indonesia

Mon, 19 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study analyzes the legal principles underlying insurance coverage and economy risk classification in modern insurance practices. The principles of insurance law: utmost good faith, insurable interest, indemnity, subrogation, proximate cause, are important foundations in regulating the relationship between the insurer and the insured. On the other hand, risk classification plays a crucial role in the assessment, premium determination, risk selection, and risk management by insurance companies. The method used is a literature study with a normative approach, examining regulations, legal doctrines, scientific literature, and practices in the insurance industry. The results of the study indicate that a deep understanding of the principles of insurance law and risk classification can improve transparency, contractual fairness, moral hazard risk mitigation, operational efficiency in the insurance industry. Risks in insurance are classified into two main categories, namely pure risk which is related to the possibility of loss alone and speculative risk which involves the possibility of profit or loss. The six basic principles of insurance law, insurable interest, utmost good faith, proximate cause, indemnity, subrogation, contribution are the foundation for the formation and implementation of a valid insurance contract. The development of digital technology, the use of big data, artificial intelligence, machine learning in the insurance sector, has brought significant changes to risk classification methods, underwriting, and claims assessment processes. In conclusion, a comprehensive understanding of legal principles and risk classification is essential to ensure legal protection, increase public trust, and support the sustainability of health and general insurance practices in the modern era for Indonesia.

Optimization Of Cognitive Function And Quality Of Life In The Elderly With Hypertension Through Chair Based Exercise

Diana Pefbrianti, M. Noor Ifansyah — Mon, 19 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Hypertension becomes a problem in old age, Elderly people with hypertension often experience decreased cognitive function and have an impact on quality of life . Management of hypertension with problems of decreased cognitive function and quality of life can be done with non-pharmacological therapy. One of the non-pharmacological therapy that can be applied to the elderly who have hypertension is chair based exercise. The purpose of this study was to see the effect of chair-based exercise on cognitive function and quality of life in the elderly with hypertension.The design of this study used quasy experiments with pre and post control groups with a large sample of 16 respondents in each group. The sampling technique used is consecutive sampling with independent variables, namely chair based exercise, Dependent variable in this study were cognitif function and quality of life. The research instruments used are Instrumen mini mental state exam (MMSE), quality of life instrument for elderly with hypertention. The research was carried out at the Budi Sejahtera Banjarbaru Elderly Social Protection and Rehabilitation Institution (PPRSLU). The statistical test used in this study was wilcoxon signed test. The test results found that There was an effect of chair based exercise on the cognitive function of the elderly in the intervention group, but there was no effect in the control group. There was an effect of chair based exercise on the quality of life of the elderly in the intervention and control groups. In elderly with hypertension, nurses need to help the elderly so that the problem of hypertension is resolved and able to fight disability. Chair based exercised can be applied for the kognitif function and quality of life.

Mitroanoff Appendicovesicostomy Procedure On Bladder Neck Stenosis: A Case Report

Mon, 19 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The Mitrofanoff Appendicovesicostomy (MAC) procedure is a significant surgical intervention for patients with bladder neck stenosis, particularly in cases of severe urological dysfunction. This case report presents a 34-year-old female with a history of urinary incontinence and vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) following a cesarean section. The patient underwent the MAC procedure to address her bladder neck stenosis and restore urinary continence. Preoperative assessments, surgical techniques, and postoperative outcomes are discussed, highlighting the effectiveness of the MAC procedure in providing a new pathway for urine flow and improving the patient's quality of life. This report emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in managing urinary incontinence, considering both physical and psychological factors. It also underscores the need for timely diagnosis and tailored surgical interventions to enhance patient outcomes. Future research should focus on identifying risk factors and developing personalized treatment strategies to mitigate urinary incontinence and related complications in postpartum patients. By integrating clinical evidence and holistic care, healthcare providers can better navigate the complexities of urinary incontinence and improve the quality of life for affected individuals.

The Influence of Social Media on HIV-Aids and LGBT Cases among the Young Generation in Jakarta

Mon, 19 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The study focused on the purpose of finding out the effect and the roles challenges faced by activists in the JPC Jakarta Foundation community in their efforts to prevent HIV and AIDS infections among LGBT people in Jakarta. This study applies a qualitative approach to observe the activities carried out by activists in three areas in the DKI Jakarta Province of Indonesia. The activities of the activists include field and online outreach, interactive group discussions, HIV counseling and testing, distribution of condoms and pelicans for LGBT youth, and social support for people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA). This study uses the theory of social action and symbolic interactionism to analyze the activities carried out by activists. This study found that the activities carried out by volunteer activists of the JPC Jakarta foundation in 2023. The study shows the results of the formation of rational-instrumental social action and a symbolic interaction in the context of HIV and AIDS prevention, with the LGBT community being a group affected by the increasing deviation of social media among the younger generation, especially Gen Z.

Evaluating Chromosomal Microdeletions And Duplications: Ethical Considerations In Life Expectancy For Pediatric Bilateral Cryptorchidism – A Local Community Perspective

Wissam Saleh Hakim, Mohammed Aboud, Manal Kadhim — Mon, 19 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction & Objectives: Cryptorchidism is one of the most frequent congenital birth defects in male children and is present in 2–4% of full-term male births. The study aims to validate the associated genomic information to pick up and catalog life expectations with our community's associated syndromes and pathologies. Materials & Methods: The study was carried out between the 1st of June 2014 and the end of December 2018. G-banding of metaphase chromosomes and high-resolution karyotype analysis was performed in all patients using 5 DNA probes, ordered in the deletion intervals, and correlated with the cytogenetic map of the chromosome and sequence tagged size (STS) in the molecular study of microdeletion and microduplication using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The data were translated to the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 22, Excel 2016 . Results: Out of 124 managed and operated on patients, genitourinary anomalies were the most common associated pathologies in 44% of cases, and hypospadias was the most common in 21.77%. Developmental delay and intellectual disabilities with speech disorders are considered the second one 24.19%. Y chromosome microdeletions were observed in 75% of all, the most considered one Y q1.2 D in 45.16%, p-value < 0.05. X p11.2 micro duplications were observed in 8.78% of the cases. Higher ascent of the testis presented with more microdeletion (intra-abdominal 35.48% of the patients) p-value < 0.05. With the STS, sY84 & sy86, and the loci, DYS 273 & 148 the azoospermia factor A region (AZFa) was estimated in 39.51% of the patients. Conclusions: Genomic information and screening are recommended for bilateral cryptorchidism as the chromosomal microdeletions and microduplications have been associated with a spectrum of pathologies, considering this with a catalog of the multidisciplinary team and complete disease network to follow up the clinical pictures after surgery.

Corrected Count Increment Analysis After Thrombocyte Apheresis Transfusion At Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital

Rezky Andika Putry, Agus Alim Abdullah, Rachmawati A. Muhiddin — Sun, 25 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Platelet transfusion plays a role in preventing and treating bleeding in patients with thrombocytopenia. Transfusion failures can sometimes reach 24-44%. The success of platelet transfusion is assessed using several formulas, including Post-transfusion Platelet Increment (PPI), Percentage Platelet Recovery (PPR), and Corrected Count Increment (CCI). CCI is more accurate and most widely used to assess transfusion success. Transfusion is considered successful if the CCI value one hour after transfusion is ≥ 7.5x10^9/µL or ≥ 4.5 x10^9/µL after 24 hours. Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of platelet transfusion, using Corrected Count Increment (CCI) after apheresis platelet transfusion in patients with thrombocytopenia and identify factors that influence this outcome, such as age, gender, and underlying diagnosis at Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital Makassar. Methods: This study is a retrospective study by taking secondary data from medical records of patients aged ≥ 18 years, who having weight and height / length data and routine blood counts results for thrombocytopenia <150,000 / µL at Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital Makassar from January 2023 to December 2023. The research sample was analyzed using the results of CCI calculations using data processing software. Data analysis using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for data normality, the chi Square test, Wilcoxon statistical test results are significant if the p-value <0.05. Results: The results of the data analysis found proportion of CCI after apheresis platelet transfusion was found to be significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the group with increased platelet values. The results of CCI analysis with gender, age, malignant and non-malignant diagnoses showed no significant relationship (p > 0.05). Conclusion: In this study, the effectiveness of apheresis thrombocyte transfusion can be assessed by CCI, which is influenced by height and weight, as well as an increase in platelet values. There is no relationship between gender, age and diagnosis (malignancy and non-malignancy) with CCI values.

An Overview in Adverse Selection: A Case Study in Indonesia Healthcare Insurance

Dhimas Dita Rahadian, Monica Rizqi Yanuar Setyowati, Erlina Puspitaloka Mahadewi — Sun, 25 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study analyzes adverse selection in health insurance poses a significant challenge to the sustainability of insurance schemes, particularly in developing countries where enrolment is voluntary and insurance literacy is low. Information asymmetry between participants and insurers often results in higher-risk individuals dominating the pool, threatening the program’s financial stability. This study aims to synthesize findings from various studies on adverse selection in health insurance, identifying common patterns, causal factors, and mitigation strategies. A systematic literature review approach was used to examine about 40 selected articles published between 2012 and 2025 related to adverse selection in different types of health insurance schemes (public, private, and community-based). Literature was sourced from academic databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and others, using specific boolean keyword combinations. Adverse selection was found to be most prevalent in voluntary schemes in developing countries. In contrast, evidence from some developed nations indicated advantageous selection. Mitigation strategies such as premium subsidies, risk-based premium setting, risk pooling, and improving insurance literacy proved effective in reducing negative selection. Advanced technologies like big data and machine learning also showed promise in managing risk profiles. Addressing adverse selection requires a multi-dimensional approach involving public policy, financial incentives, and technological innovation. A combination of mandatory enrolment, risk adjustment, targeted subsidies, and improved literacy is essential for building a sustainable and inclusive health insurance system.

Insurance Utilities in Indonesia: A Study for Future Opportunities

Sun, 25 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study analyzes Indonesia's path toward universal health coverage (UHC), which has been marked by the introduction of targeted schemes such as Askeskin and Jamkesmas, culminating in the comprehensive National Health Insurance (JKN) program. This literature review systematically synthesizes peer-reviewed empirical studies published between 2005 and March 2025, examining the impact of government-managed health insurance on healthcare utilization, financial protection, and equity across different population groups. The study conducted a structured narrative synthesis of studies retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, focusing on inpatient and outpatient services, maternal and dental care, and out-of-pocket expenditures. The findings indicate that insured individuals consistently demonstrate higher utilization rates and significant reductions in out-of-pocket spending, with notable benefits in maternal health and primary care in rural areas; however, geographic and socioeconomic disparities persist, particularly among the urban poor and remote communities. Secondary analysis revealed moral hazard effects and shifting private market dynamics, highlighting the need for cost-sharing mechanisms and regulatory oversight. Propose policy strategies to expand enrollment, adjust premium subsidies, integrate fragmented schemes, strengthen the community health center (Puskesmas) infrastructure, and enhance preventive care and health literacy. An integrated approach aligning financial, clinical, and regulatory reforms is essential to optimize equity, efficiency, and sustainability in Indonesia’s UHC journey.

Managed Care In Healthcare Insurance: A Case Study In Indonesia For Review

Sun, 25 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The process of goods and services procurement within the government environment still has vulnerabilities to fraud, which necessitates proper handling. This study aims to identify the factors that can influence efforts to prevent fraud in the procurement of goods and services using an e-procurement system. The data for this research was obtained through the distribution of questionnaires to employees at the Procurement Services Unit (ULP) and the Regional Financial and Asset Management Agency (BPKAD) Office of Dompu Regency. The sampling method used in this study is purposive sampling. Furthermore, the research data were tested using multiple regression analysis. This study demonstrates that the variables of technology utilization, e-procurement, internal control systems, organizational culture, employee ethics, and religiosity can influence the prevention of fraud in the procurement of goods and services. The research findings can serve as a reference for evaluating the use of information technology through e-procurement and the application of internal control systems for optimal results. Additionally, it is important to consider human resources, specifically employees, in maintaining organizational culture, good ethics, and religious values as a foundation for actions in the workplace to avoid various deviant or unlawful behaviors.

Analysis of Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (Sii) And Cd4 Count In Hiv/Aids Patients With And Without Tuberculosis Co-Infection

Riza Fathiyah, Kartika Paramita, Irda Handayani — Sun, 25 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: The Global Incidence Of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (Hiv) Infection Continues To Rise, With Increased Mortality Observed In The Presence Of Opportunistic Infections Such As Tuberculosis (Tb), Torch Infections (Toxoplasmosis, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes Simplex), And Candidiasis. The Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (Sii), Derived From Neutrophil, Lymphocyte, And Platelet Counts Obtained Through Routine Complete Blood Count Testing, Has Recently Been Explored As A Potential Marker Of Immune Response And Inflammation In Hiv Patients, Particularly In Those With Tb Co-Infection. Objectives: To Analyze The Sii Index And Cd4 Count In Hiv Patients With And Without Tb Co-Infection. Methods: This Retrospective Study Analyzed Secondary Data From Hiv-Infected Patients Treated At Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital, Makassar, Between January 2022 And June 2024. The Mann–Whitney U Test Was Used To Compare Sii And Cd4 Counts Between Groups, And Receiver Operating Characteristic (Roc) Curve Analysis Was Performed To Assess The Predictive Value Of Sii For Tb Co-Infection. Results: Among 144 Patients, Sii Values Were Significantly Higher In The Hiv-Tb Co-Infection Group Compared To The Non-Tb Group (P = 0.001). Roc Analysis Revealed That An Sii Cut-Off Value Of 562.3 Yielded A Sensitivity Of 82.4% And A Specificity Of 35.5%, With An Area Under The Curve (Auc) Of 0.661, Indicating Weak Discriminatory Power. Cd4+ T Cell Counts Were Significantly Lower In Patients With Tb Co-Infection (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Sii Was Significantly Elevated In Hiv Patients With Tb Co-Infection, Demonstrating Relatively High Sensitivity And Suggesting Its Potential Utility As A Screening Tool For Identifying Tb Co-Infection In Hiv-Infected Individuals. Cd4+ T Cell Counts Were Also Significantly Lower In The Co-Infection Group, Consistent With Greater Immunosuppression.

The Dynamics Analysis of Development and Basic Principles of Health Insurance in Indonesia

Sri Sulatriningsih, Didin Sunardi, Erlina Puspitaloka Mahadewi — Sun, 25 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Healthcare insurance in Indonesia is mandated by the 1945 Constitution, Article 34 paragraph 2. The basic principles of health insurance in Indonesia are based on social justice and broad coverage and support the sustainability of an inclusive and equitable health service system. The health insurance system in Indonesia has transformed into Universal Health Coverage (UHC) through the National Health Insurance (JKN) program. Problems that are still obstacles to the effectiveness of the JKN system include slow payment of claims to health facilities, moral hazard, and gaps in the quality of services between health facilities in big cities and remote areas. This study aims to analyze the basic principles and dynamics of the development of the national health insurance system in Indonesia. The method used is a literature study of scientific sources, public policies, and official reports. The results of the study and review indicate that the principles of solidarity, equity, and sustainability are the main foundations in the implementation of JKN. Although coverage has expanded significantly, challenges such as gaps in access to services, imbalances in contributions and financing, and low public understanding of health insurance still need attention.

Comparison Of The Antibacterial Activity Of Palm Kernel Oil (PKO) & Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) Against Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Bacteria

Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a gram-negative bacterium, is a significant cause of nosocomial infections and exhibits high levels of multidrug resistance, necessitating the exploration of alternative antibacterial agents. This study investigates the antibacterial activity of Palm Kernel Oil (PKO) and Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, employing a true experimental post-test design with microdilution and agar dilution methods. Conducted at the Universitas Muslim Indonesia, the study determined the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of PKO, VCO, and gentamicin. Results revealed that PKO had an MIC of 4096 µg/mL and an MBC of 8192 µg/mL, while VCO exhibited an MIC of 2048 µg/mL and an MBC of 4096 µg/mL. Gentamicin, used as a control, demonstrated superior antibacterial effectiveness with an MIC of 2 µg/mL and an MBC of 4 µg/mL. Statistical analysis indicated that VCO, with its higher lauric and myristic acid content, was more effective than PKO in inhibiting bacterial growth, although both oils were less effective than gentamicin. The study highlights the potential of VCO as a natural antibacterial agent, suggesting further research to optimize its efficacy through formulation modifications and combinations with other antimicrobial agents. Additionally, evaluating the effectiveness of VCO and gentamicin against other bacterial strains is recommended to expand the understanding of VCO's antibacterial capabilities. These findings contribute to the growing body of evidence supporting the use of natural products in combating antibiotic-resistant infections.

The Present and Future Definition of Health Insurance Based on Laws and Regulations in Indonesia

Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study analyzes the legal principles that Indonesia insurance plays an important role in facing increasingly complex and uncertain life needs. In Indonesia, insurance is regulated through Law No. 40 of 2014, which provides a legal basis for the implementation and protection of the parties. This study uses a literature study method with a qualitative narrative synthesis approach to examine the definition of insurance based on laws and regulations in Indonesia. First, to analyse the legal basis of insurance and the legal aspects of the implementation of insurance agreements in Indonesia, examine the legal principles underlying the implementation of insurance practices in Indonesia, also evaluate the legal challenges in the implementation of insurance practices in Indonesia and provide recommendations and efforts for improvement in the insurance sector in Indonesia. Secondly, to analysis of the legal basis and implementation of insurance agreements shows that the legal framework for insurance in Indonesia is quite complex. Various challenges are still found in its implementation, such as complex regulatory changes, suboptimal consumer protection, and problems related to insurance claim disputes. We propose several recommendations and improvement efforts namely by improving regulations, and increasing supervision of law enforcement by the OJK, transparency and public education, and increasing cooperation between insurance companies, the OJK, and dispute resolution institutions. These efforts are important to realize an insurance system in Indonesia that is fair, inclusive, transparent, and sustainable from present to the future.

The Moral Hazard Phenomenon in Health Insurance: A Review of Driving Factors and Control Strategies

Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Moral hazard in health insurance is a significant institutional issue that concerns the efficiency, sustainability, and equity of health funding systems. This study intends to comprehensively assess the different types of moral hazard, discern the root causes that contribute to it, and examine the regulatory strategies implemented at both national and international levels. This study employed a methodology characterized by a descriptive literature review, which involved a comprehensive analysis of 25 meticulously chosen peer-reviewed articles. The articles in question were published between the years 2014 and 2025, and they were obtained from reputable databases such as Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. The results indicate that moral hazard presents itself in two main forms. Initially, this phenomenon arises among beneficiaries who may engage in excessive consumption and use of healthcare services lacking adequate medical justification. Secondly, it is apparent that healthcare providers may participate in administrative and clinical manipulation, which includes practices such as upcoding, unnecessary hospitalizations, and fraudulent claims. Several contributing factors to moral hazard can be identified, including deficiencies in the design of the INA-CBGs payment system, a lack of health insurance literacy among participants, and insufficient oversight and auditing mechanisms.The findings presented have considerable implications for policymakers, outlining the necessity to improve the national health insurance system. Structural reforms and the implementation of sustainable, multidisciplinary approaches.

Health Insurance Policies For Informal Workers: A Review For National Health Insurance

Wiwik Sriwahyuni Batubara, Darwono Darwono, Erlina Puspitaloka Mahadewi — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Effect of Health Education Using Animated Video Media and Snakes and Ladders Game on Young Girls’ Readiness for Facing Menarche

Solihatun Nisa, Fakrul Ardiansyah, H. Amandus, Revani Hardika — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Menarche is the first menstruation experienced by teenage girls. This period is a transitional period marked by various physical, emotional and psychosocial changes. Efforts to prevent the negative impact on menarche require knowledge about menstruation, one of which is using animated video media and snakes and ladders games. The aim of this research is to identify the influence of health education using the media game Snakes and Ladders and animated videos on the readiness of young women to face menarche. This type of research is quasi-experimental with pre and post test control group design. The research sample consisted of 40 female students using probability sampling with simple random sampling technique. Data analysis used the Paired T-Test and Independent T-Test. The results of the univariate test showed that the pre-test and post-test mean scores in the intervention group were 47.60 and 69.90 and the pre-test and post-test mean scores in the control group were 47.65 and 59.95. Bivariate analysis using the Paired T-Test in the intervention group and control group obtained a result of 0.000 where the p-value <0.05, meaning that there was an influence of health education using snakes and ladders game media and animated videos as well as powerpoint and leaflet media on the readiness of young women in facing menarche. The Independent T-Test showed a result of 0.000 where the p-value <0.05, meaning that there was a significant difference between the mean value of young women's readiness to face menarche in the intervention and control groups. The conclusion that can be drawn is that health education using the media game snakes and ladders and animated videos has an effect on the readiness of young women to face menarche. Animated video media and snakes and ladders games are more effective than PowerPoint and leaflet media in increasing the readiness of young women to face menarche.